Can Photovoltaic Cells Reduce Air Pollution | Emissions, Clean Energy, Impact

Photovoltaic cells can significantly reduce air pollution.

Every installed 1 kilowatt of solar energy can yearly average reduce about 0.8 tons of carbon dioxide, 2.5 kilograms of nitrogen oxides and 1.7 kilograms of sulfur oxides emissions, through substituting coal-burning power generation for clean energy transition.

Emissions

Calculate pollution discharging

1 megawatt's solar energy array full load running full 8760 hours' one year cycle inside, average can output 1250 megawatt-hours' pure green electricity. Burning standard anthracite to generate the same amount of 1250 megawatt-hours electricity, the chimney inside will discharge out about 1100 tons of carbon dioxide gas. Exchanging onto conversion rate reaching 22.8% N-type silicon base solar energy panel after, even if counting in manufacturing and sea shipping link's 25 grams/degree carbon footprint, overall net emission reduction rate still can steadily bite 96.5% scale line.

In the Northern Hemisphere, latitude 40 degrees around's heavy industry zone, every paving 10000 square meters' roof photovoltaic, local atmosphere stratosphere inside's carbon dioxide concentration in continuously monitored's 12 months inside can appear 0.03ppm's dropping amplitude. Gas turbine every generating 1 degree electricity still needs to spit out 400 grams of greenhouse gas, 150 micrometers thick's silicon wafer in 25 years warranty period inside every day working 4.5 hours, will carbon emission numerical value smashed to average every degree electricity 15 grams below.

Photovoltaic array will occupy land area from every megawatt 2.5 hectares compressed to 1.2 hectares after, to ground surface left out 52% of soil area to plant carbon-fixing shrubs, additionally creating every hectare 3.4 tons' natural carbon sink increment.

Block toxic gas

One installed capacity reaching 50 megawatts' commercial level solar energy power plant continuously grid-connected power generating 180 days, can just substitute away pithead thermal power plant burned away's 18,000 tons of high sulfur brown coal. Brown coal burning releases sulfur dioxide, which will use 15 meters/second's speed to rush into the atmosphere. Photovoltaic panels will single item toxic gas's output amount from every year 350 tons cleared to zero to 0 tons.

Nitrogen oxides at 250 Celsius degrees to 1200 Celsius degrees' furnace high temperature under extremely easily synthesized, relying on photon stimulating electron jumping's solar energy module operating highest temperature only has 85 Celsius degrees, 100% blocked nitrogen gas and oxygen gas's combining reaction probability. Tracking ten million population level big metropolis's environmental protection data shows, when city power grid inside solar energy grid-connected rate climbing past 15%'s critical point, acid rain appearing's frequency in following's 5-year statistical cycle inside dropped 42.7%.

Coal-burning exhaust gas inside concentration high, reaching 400 milligrams/standard cubic meter's nitrogen oxides, will trigger upper respiratory tract pathological change, photovoltaic green electricity every substituting 1 gigawatt-hour's grid electricity, just at source wipe away 1.6 tons of strong corrosive gas. Using 8 millimeters thick tempered glass packaged photovoltaic modules at enduring speed per hour 130 kilometers' 12 level wind gust blowing scraping under, still maintaining 99% above's power generation usable rate, every day continuously substituting thermal power generating units 2.3 tons above's toxic gas overflowing amount.

Dust

Traditional's thermal power generating units even if added installing up to 4 layers' desulfurization denitrification dust removal tower, every burning 1000 kilograms of coal still will leak out 0.4 kilograms to 0.8 kilograms of diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometers' fine particulate matter.

Diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometers' dust in air humidity lower than 60%'s dry season inside, will using 60 micrograms/cubic meter to 90 micrograms/cubic meter's concentration in distance ground 200 meters to 500 meters' temperature inversion layer inside suspend as long as 14 days to 21 days' long. Changing to use installed capacity is 100 kilowatts' distributed courtyard solar energy array after, before inverter lifespan reaching 15 years scrapping, accumulatively can prevent 2.1 tons of pulverized coal ash floating into the surrounding 30 kilometers radius inside's resident breathing zone.

· In an arid desert zone with yearly average sunshine hours reaching 1800 hours, installing 600 watts double-sided double-glass photovoltaic modules, local PM10's daily average peak value concentration from every cubic meter dropped from 250 micrograms to 115 micrograms.

· 2.5 meters high's hot-dip galvanized photovoltaic bracket will photovoltaic panel raised high to mid-air, array below's ground surface wind speed average is weakened 35% to 40%, causing ground surface sand dust's raising up probability dropped 22 percentage points.

· 500 megawatts level's large type photovoltaic park is able to cover nearly 12 million square meters' exposed ground surface, newly added 45% ground surface vegetation shading area, letting every year spring season sandstorm's suspended matter total amount reduced 8.4%.

· Every 1 degree photovoltaic electricity grid-connected into 110 kilovolts high voltage power grid transmitting to terminal user, saved away along the way 2.4% of voltage transforming line loss, intercepted thermal power plant exhaust pipe inside 0.08 grams extremely hard by filtering net captured's PM2.5 ultra fine particulate matter.

· According to the global health organization's set's 15 micrograms/cubic meter's yearly average air quality guiding value calculating, regional power grid inside's photovoltaic penetration rate every elevating 10%, heavy pollution weather's occurring days will just shorten 4.5 days.

Lead and mercury

1 ton standard raw coal in 1000 Celsius degrees above's furnace inside burning, will volatilize dissipate out 0.1 milligrams to 0.3 milligrams' high toxicity gaseous mercury. Gaseous mercury following air flow spreading to 100 kilometers outside accompanying rainfall falling into soil, mono-crystalline silicon cell panel from 1st day power generating to 9000th day retiring, operating cycle's volatile heavy metal emission amount constantly maintaining at 0 milligrams.

Building one yearly outputting 3000 gigawatt-hours electricity amount's photovoltaic big base, early period mining processing 24,000 tons aluminum alloy frame and 150,000 tons photovoltaic glass will produce 700,000 tons equivalent emission, generating units full load grid-connected after running 14.5 months can thoroughly equally share away sunk's environmental cost. In the remaining 282.5 months' net profit period, this batch of equipment intercepts gaseous volatile organic compounds every day as many as 1.2 tons.

Used for cooling coal-burning units condensing tower's industrial fresh water evaporating amount high reaching every megawatt-hour 2 cubic meters, photovoltaic panel every generating 1 megawatt-hour electricity only needs 0.02 cubic meters' water amount used to do every year 2 times' dust removal washing, will contain heavy metal ions' water vapor secondary pollution lowered 99%.

One machine 350 megawatts ultra-supercritical power generating unit configured has 2 pieces diameter 20 meters, high 150 meters' cooling towers, will operating machine substituted as occupying 400 hectares of land's solar energy panel, surrounding 15 kilometers inside's heavy metal aerosol concentration in 365 days after lowered 73.6%.

Clean Energy

Sunlight transforming electricity

One piece size as long as 2384 millimeters, wide 1303 millimeters, double-sided double glass solar energy panel, overall covering area reached 3.11 square meters. When noon lighting intensity reaches every square meter 1000 watts' standard testing condition time, the thickness is only 2 millimeters' front side high transmission photovoltaic glass will let 98.5% of photons penetrate. Thickness at 130 micrometers' N-type mono-crystalline silicon thin wafer absorbing photons after, will in less than 0.05 seconds' extremely short time inside produce 13.5 amperes to 14.2 amperes' direct current.

In an environment temperature constant at 25°C's laboratory standard under, mass production level module's photoelectric conversion efficiency stabilizing at 22.8% to 23.2% narrow interval inside, various batches products between's efficiency variance not exceeding 0.04.

When the outdoor actual operating temperature soars to 65°C, the module output power will drop according to every rising 1°C, dropping 0.28% negative temperature coefficient discount loss. 5000 pieces single body rated power is 650 watts' solar energy panel through 1500 volts' direct current cable series connection forming one total capacity reaching 3.25 megawatts' power generating sub-array. Every day, according to average 4.5 hours' equivalent full load operating time, 24 hours cycle inside can continuously output 14625 degrees of pure green electricity.

In continuously monitored's 12-month cycle inside, equipment output power's daily average fluctuating amplitude standard deviation maintaining at 15% up and down, whole array operating time produced's mechanical noise keeping at 0 decibels' absolute quiet state.

Store full storage cell

As long as 20 feet's metal container inside densely stacked tens of thousands of sections, single body nominal voltage is 3.2 volts' cell cells, overall system rated operating voltage reaching 1250 volts. Charging discharging depth set at 90%'s rigorous condition under, cell cell's physical cycling charging discharging times median broke through 8000 times' big gate, cell full life cycle's attenuation rate is strictly controlled at first year 2.5%, subsequent every year 1.5%'s linear trajectory inside.

· According to the energy storage managing system's millisecond level high frequency sampling statistics, the charging and discharging process inside's energy conversion comprehensive efficiency reached 94.5%.

· When the power grid dispatching center issues an order, the inverter in a 20 milliseconds' time window inside can complete from 0 power to 5 megawatts full load outputting's load climbing crossing.

· Liquid cooling pipe inside's cooling liquid using every minute 45 liters' flowing amount uninterruptedly cycling, will cell cabin inside various temperature zones between's temperature difference forcedly pulling flat to 3°C's extremely small range inside.

· Matching power capacity is 2.5 megawatts' bidirectional converter, day time extra's 1200 degrees electricity using 0.5C's steady rate in 2 hours inside all poured into energy storage system, arriving at evening 19 o'clock to 21 o'clock's electricity using peak period, again using the same rate according to need releasing back to the high voltage transmitting distributing power grid.

Calculate account book data

In the north latitude 35 degrees around's plain open zone, investing in building a 50 megawatts capacity large type ground solar energy power station, containing early period land leveling, bracket pile driving, equipment purchasing to final grid connecting's full caliber capital expenditure fixed at every watt 0.85 US dollars. Totaling 42.5 million US dollars' initial building budget, photovoltaic module's purchasing fee proportion is 45%, inverter and step-up transformer occupying 12%, and containing weeding clearing dust inside's yearly operation and maintenance miscellaneous fee is merely set at every kilowatt 15 US dollars.

According to 10 years' historical meteorological data regression analysis, this latitude's lighting resource possesses an extremely strong periodicity rule, P90 probability under (namely, 90% probability can reach or exceed the power generation amount predicting lower limit) first year grid-connected electricity amount is 85000 megawatt-hours.

Through signing a 20-year fixed-price electricity purchasing agreement, every degree of green electricity's grid-connected settling price locked at 0.052 US dollars, project first year's gross income reaching 4.42 million US dollars. Financial model inside according to 6%'s capital discount rate conducting levelized cost of energy calculating, photovoltaic panel full life cycle inside's power generating cost is infinitely diluted to 0.035 US dollars/degree, far lower than regular fossil energy average 0.06 US dollars/degree's expenditure bottom line.

In not considering inflation's superimposing effect's premise under, total asset return rate's median falling at 11.5% to 12.2% between. Investing party at 8.4th year can cross profit loss balancing point recovering all initial principal, remaining as long as 21.6 years' using life cycle inside obtaining pure cash flow profit will exceed 55 million US dollars.

Connect into a big power grid

The below shows different energy power generating equipment connecting into a 110 kilovolts high voltage distributing power grid, time's physical and economic parameters deviation contrasting.

When photovoltaic arrays using 35 megawatts' constant power continuously inject into the 110 kilovolts' high voltage alternating current transmitting electricity network, the three-phase current's unbalance degree is suppressed at 0.5% 's extremely low level by the high frequency inverter's internal filtering circuit. Smart inverting system possessing reactive power according to need compensating function, is able to according to high voltage line load's real-time impedance change, in leading 0.95 to lagging 0.95's wide amplitude interval, automatically adjust power factor.

In the noon 11 o'clock to afternoon 14 o'clock's high intensity radiation time segment, the regional distributing power grid's instantaneous penetration rate of solar energy electricity's highest peak value broke through 45%'s warning water level, at this time, the thermal power plant's coal-burning boiler's load rate is forcedly downward adjusted to 35.5%.

Even though input power has tiny discrete fluctuations at high frequencies, photovoltaic equipment is still able to will grid-connected terminal alternating current's frequency dead zone strictly controlling at 50 hertz up down only 0.02 hertz's narrow deviation point inside. Compared to heavy gas turbines, every time cold state starting, needing to consume at least 45 minutes' preheating cycle, losing mechanical rotating modules' semiconductor power generating equipment anytime situated at 0 milliseconds delay's hot standby responding state.

Solar energy system every day providing electricity's time span reaching 11 to 14 hours, besides substituting away traditional power plants, every burning 1 million tons of standard raw coal produces a large amount of ash slag accumulation matter outside, whole transmitting distributing electricity corridor inside's physical line loss rate also because of power source point extremely close to terminal electricity using load terminal and large amplitude dropped 1.8 percentage points.

Impact

Look several decades

One installed capacity set at 850 megawatts' public utility level photovoltaic power generating park, usually needs occupying about 3200 acres' physical size space. In as long as 30 years' full life cycle financial model inside, early period purchasing photovoltaic modules, single axis tracking bracket as well as grid-connected inverter's capital cost roughly falling at 720 million US dollars' range interval.

According to every year's 2250 hours' equivalent full load operating time, the system every year towards transmitting power grid injecting 1.91 million megawatt-hours' zero carbon electricity. The operation and maintenance team every year spends on weed clearing, panel water washing and electronic module replacing on's budget fee roughly controlled at every megawatt 8500 US dollars. Through statistics on's log-normal distribution fitting, early period invested's greenhouse gas amount in starting machine operating's 1.12th year's age node will be completely offset away.

In the remaining 28.88 years of its physical lifespan, this power station averages every year preventing 1.35 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent from entering the atmosphere. Even if the panel power attenuation rate, inverter conversion efficiency loss, as well as transmitting electricity line's heating dissipation, are all calculated inside, the project's overall levelized cost of energy price can still be strictly pressed at 0.024 US dollars to 0.028 US dollars' extremely low narrow band range inside.

According to meteorological organization's past 40 years' sunshine intensity historical sample dispersion degree data analysis, local yearly overall solar radiation amount's standard deviation is extremely small, error range is only 1.5%, guaranteed project asset return rate's median is able to long time stabilizing at 9.8% baseline on, simultaneously, will future 30 years' local power grid wholesale electricity price's fluctuation variance shrank 45 percentages.

Nourish land store water

Gas turbine units in order to cool 300 Celsius degrees above's high temperature steam, every generating one megawatt-hour's electricity amount, just needs from the ground surface river inside forcedly extracting about 2200 liters' fresh water volume. When power generating terminal substituted as surface full of anti-reflection coating's silicon base module after, same power producing amount under merely needs consuming 35 liters water used for every year two to three times' surface dust washing, water using density's reduction rate high reaching 98.4%. Will ground clearance be raised to 3.2 meters, tilting angle fixed at 25 degrees, photovoltaic array, is able to shade the bottom part's soil away one day inside lighting intensity highest value time segment inside's 65% solar direct radiation.

In the summer season, the air temperature breaks through 42 Celsius degrees, and the peak value's extreme heat wave inside, the panel back side's shadow region can let the ground surface soil's temperature drop 6 Celsius degrees to 9 Celsius degrees' amplitude. Accompanying ground surface micro-climate temperature's dropping, soil inside moisture's natural evaporating speed rate slowed down 38%, letting originally dry's sand land water holding capacity from 12% climb to 18.5% relative humidity percentile level. In the below part, interplanting economic crops, relying on reduction rate reaching 15% environmental thermal pressure and increased humidity, agricultural crops' actually measured unit area yield on the contrary appeared 14% to 18% forward growing rate, various agricultural parameters all better than no shading empty land.

Save seeing doctor money

Coal at boiler inside burning power generating time released harmful exhaust gas, at atmosphere inside going through reaction, will generate diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometers' secondary aerosol suspended mass particles. In a permanent resident population of 5 million's medium-type metropolis area, the local distributing power grid will solar energy power generation's penetration rate ratio from originally's 5% pulling rising to 25%'s threshold after, city district inside 50 pieces air quality monitoring stations recorded's PM2.5 yearly average concentration median value dropped 3.2 micrograms/cubic meter.

Public health epidemiology's large sample statistical tracking shows, air inside suspended toxic particulate matter concentration's significant downward probing, letting local residents due to acute asthma attacks being sent to emergency rooms' frequency and frequency times dropped 17.4%, accuracy confidence interval high reaching 95%.