How Will Solar Energy Be Used by 2030 | Demand Storage, Smart Grids

By 2030, solar energy will be directly connected to the smart grid.

Noon excess electricity quantity will automatically store into exceeding 20kWh's home use energy storage cell inside, and in the evening peak, through AI precise scheduling, reverse transmit to the power grid, can lower regional peak load by 30%, realize all-weather efficient scheduling and use.

Demand Storage

Store how much electricity

By 2030, global daily average solar energy actual effective irradiation time maintains at 4.5 to 6.2 hours range. Residents and industry and commerce's evening electricity use load from 18 o'clock soars to 22 o'clock, occupying the whole day's total electricity consumption quantity's 45% to 55%. According to 1:2's rated power ratio, install solar energy and energy storage system joint operation, able to completely cover every day as high as 14 hours' no natural light illumination power generation blank period.

The output power being 50 megawatts (MW)'s large-scale solar array, matching install 100 megawatt-hours (MWh)'s independent energy storage container, can in nighttime according to full load working standard continuous supply power 2 hours exactly. Single cell capacity breaking through 314 ampere-hours (Ah)'s large specification lithium iron phosphate cell cell, makes unit overall energy density pulled high to 180 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) above's level.

The external specification being standard 40-foot high cube container's container inside, currently can tightly arrange as many as 480 large capacity cell clusters. Internal three-dimensional space utilization rate climbing 35% after, single box total physical store electricity capacity soars to 8 megawatt-hours (MWh).

Calculate clear account book

· Depth of discharge (DOD) set at 90% working range within running time, brand new generation lithium ion cell's laboratory test cycle life nominal value as high as 12000 times.

· According to every year charge discharge full cycle 350 times' frequency measurement, hardware equipment's actual physical use years approaches 34.2 years.

· Cell pack internal charge discharge's Coulombic efficiency stably maintains at 98.5% to 99.2% between.

· Every store's 100 degrees electricity (kWh) is original alternating current electric energy, conversion loss is strictly limited at 0.8 to 1.5 degrees electricity within.

· Large-scale commercial energy storage levelized cost of storage (LCOS) from 2023's 120 dollars/megawatt-hour large amplitude diving drops to 2030's 65 dollars/megawatt-hour.

· Home use wall-mounted type energy storage all-in-one machine shell thickness shrinks to 15 centimeters within, overall load-bearing lower than 85 kilograms, single machine rated carry electricity quantity reaches 13.5 kilowatt-hours (kWh).

· In below zero 20 degrees Celsius to above zero 55 degrees Celsius' extreme environment temperature under, liquid cooling temperature control system can make the whole cell pack inside's physical temperature difference tightly pressed at 2.5 degrees Celsius within.

· Liquid cooling unit compressor full speed running consumes electric energy, only occupies cell overall release energy's 2.5% to 3%.

Millisecond level scheduling

When the main backbone power distribution network line frequency deviates 50 Hertz (Hz) standard value's ±0.05 Hertz (Hz) time, large power energy storage inverter will in 20 milliseconds to 30 milliseconds' extremely short delay within switch grid-connected charge discharge state. A machine maximum continuous output power set as 10 kilowatts (kW)'s family micro-grid energy storage equipment, able to bear 3 machines rated power being 1.5 kilowatts (kW)'s variable frequency air conditioner and 1 machine power consumption being 2 kilowatts (kW)'s electric oven full load starting produced's 30 amperes (A) instant surge overload current.

Matching's cell management system (BMS) every interval 10 milliseconds towards internal exceeding 2000 series parallel cell cells' single body voltage, alternating current internal resistance and working temperature carries out one time high frequency sampling comparison. Detect to adjacent cell cells' voltage difference value exceeds 0.01 volts (V) time, active balancing protection circuit uses maximum 5 amperes (A)'s balancing current carries out 0.5 seconds' fast intervention compensation.

Electricity price difference arbitrage

· Large-scale industrial and commercial terminal users take daytime photovoltaic array produced's excess electricity quantity stored in cells, in electricity price as high as 0.25 dollars/kilowatt-hour's evening electricity use peak period full quantity release, single month bill's commercial electricity take electricity quantity base number violently drops 38.5% to 42%.

· Program sets in nighttime 23 o'clock after, using 0.05 dollars/kilowatt-hour's low valley time period electricity price carries out 70% capacity's power grid supplement charging, pulls large buy sell electricity price difference's profit space.

· Purchase construction cost totally being 15000 dollars' commercial 50 kilowatt-hours (kWh) standard energy storage cabinet, through daily 1.5 times' peak valley arbitrage action, every day stably produces 6.5 dollars to 8 dollars' account surface save quota.

· Early period invest hardware fixed asset's annualized absolute return on investment (ROI) fixed at 15.8% to 17% high profit level on.

· The whole commercial system's initial financial cost static payback period is compressed to 4.8 years to 5.3 years between.

Store full one whole day

Long duration energy storage station (LDES)'s continuous rated discharge time from traditional's 2 to 4 hours span large amplitude expands to 10 to 14 hours' ultra long discharge range. Adopting all vanadium redox flow cell route's 100 megawatts (MW) level energy storage project, external electrolyte liquid storage tank's overall physical volume as high as 5000 cubic meters. This system in full liquid level state can one time organically store as many as 800 megawatt-hours (MWh) of usable electric energy.

Large-scale long-duration energy storage facility's every kilowatt-hour (kWh) initial installed capacity construction cost budget diluted to 200 dollars to 250 dollars. Liquid flow electrolyte liquid in carrying out 25000 times full load charge discharge cycle after, its number 20th continuous running year's nominal capacity retention rate still locates at 95.5% above. Maintaining liquid cycle running's mechanical water pump power consumption occupied system total release out usable electricity quantity's 4.2% to 4.8%. Every swallow spits 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) of electric energy, which correspondingly produces 0.45 dollars' routine parts maintenance replacement and manual maintenance fee.

Relying on 55% ratio's solar energy connect in extra add 45% ratio's long duration energy storage matching, independent industrial micro grid's annual comprehensive power outage time drops to 1.2 hours within. Power supply reliability probability from 99.9% climbs to 99.995%, completely satisfies precision manufacturing production line towards voltage temporary drop amplitude value not exceeding 10%'s strict carrying electricity production demand.

Cars act as reservoirs

· Connect into community power grid's V2G bidirectional direct current charging pile, allows home use electric vehicle to use electricity in every day evening 19 o'clock's electricity use ultra peak period, using highest 7 kilowatts (kW)'s constant power towards power distribution network reverse transmit electric energy.

· A machine car chassis carrying 80 kilowatt-hours (kWh) ternary lithium cell pack's four-wheel drive electric car, yields out among them 30% of the redundant idle electricity quantity, then can provide 24 degrees electricity (kWh)'s usable load support to surrounding neighbors.

· According to the power grid company, every time a discharge gives 0.15 dollars/kilowatt-hour's special subsidy electricity price calculation, a single car owner every month participating in 15 times reverse feed electricity action can obtain 54 dollars' extra cash dividend commission.

· One region equips 5 million vehicles with bidirectional charge-discharge function's new energy car pool, physically equals to for city main backbone power grid increased a seat total capacity as high as 120 gigawatt-hours (GWh)'s ultra large scale virtual peak shaving energy storage reservoir.

Smart Grids

Block power outage

System immediately starts network topology reconstruction algorithm, in 0.3 seconds' time, calculates out 100,000 kinds of standby power supply path schemes. The system picks out the transmission line line loss rate lowest and voltage drop amplitude smaller than 3% as the optimal path, within 0.8 seconds, closes adjacent's contact switch, makes affected's 80% above no fault region load transfer to surrounding's photovoltaic micro grid or standby power transformation station. Single time power outage accident's average restore power supply time (CAIDI) from 2020's 120 minutes large amplitude shortens to insufficient 2 minutes.

Facing photovoltaic power generation cloud blocking brought's instant power cliff style drop, static var generator (SVG) in 10 milliseconds within outputs as high as 50 megavolt-amperes reactive (MVar)'s capacitive or inductive reactive power. The grid connection point's voltage fluctuation variance is limited to extremely small's 0.005 range within. System electric energy quality's total harmonic distortion (THD) is strictly filtered to 1.5% below standard line within, large amplitude extended terminal home use appliance motor and compressor's use life, average appliance attenuation rate every year reduces 0.8%.

When an overhead transmission line receives external strong wind or lightning strike leading to a short circuit fault, the smart grid's self-healing system in 0.05 seconds within captures the instant abnormal soaring exceeding 500 amperes (A)'s surge current. Relay protection device linkages vacuum circuit breaker, within 0.15 seconds, completes fault section's physical cut-off operation.

Weather calculate accurately

Solar energy power generation's extreme volatility requires power grid scheduling to possess extremely high meteorological prediction accuracy. Meteorological satellite and ground measure wind tower every interval 5 minutes, generating one time resolution reaching 50 meters × 50 meters' ultra fine local meteorological slice data. Prediction model ingests atmospheric humidity, environment temperature, cloud layer moving speed, air pressure difference value etc. 45 meteorological parameters.

In the environment, the temperature from early morning's 15 degrees Celsius fast climbs to noon's 35 degrees Celsius high temperature. The photovoltaic module surface's actual physical temperature usually will soar to 65 degrees Celsius. Every 1 degree Celsius, polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic panel's output power will automatically lose 0.35%. smart grid's scheduling back end according to solar panel's temperature coefficient and real-time wind speed cooling effect, towards output power curve carries out dynamic correction. 1 hour within's ultra short term photovoltaic power generation output prediction deviation rate from past's 15% large amplitude narrows to insufficient 3%. The whole year's photovoltaic abandon light rate from 8.5% to leaning high level is suppressed to insufficient 1.2%.

In predicting 30 minutes later, there will be one big piece thickness exceeding 2000 meters, light transmittance lower than 15%, cumulonimbus cloud layer cover area reaching 50 square kilometers' photovoltaic power station array time, scheduling hub in advance issues instruction, commands surrounding 50 kilometers range within's pumped storage power station open water pump turbine unit. The water reservoir in 20 minutes reaches 150 megawatts (MW)'s full load discharge state, fills the cloud layer blocking leading to a 120 megawatts (MW) photovoltaic power generation power gap.

Neighbor buy sell

Distributed ledger technology comprehensively embeds into the resident community's low voltage power distribution network billing terminal inside. Every machine home uses a bidirectional electricity meter, all become independent encrypted nodes, records and broadcasts every 1 degree electricity (kWh)'s production, transmission, and consumption path. A set roof installed capacity being 8 kilowatts (kW)'s private photovoltaic system, on a sunny summer day's noon 12 o'clock to afternoon 14 o'clock period, its actual power generation power reaches peak value's 6.5 kilowatts (kW).

This time period house inside only has standby appliances running, basic load maintains at 0.5 kilowatts (kW). Excess's 6 kilowatts (kW) surplus alternating current system does not according to 0.04 dollars/kilowatt-hour's extremely low grid connection electricity price reverse send to a large power company, but is through preset's smart contract code, using 0.11 dollars/kilowatt-hour's bidding price sells to the same transformer district under, currently using 2 machines 7 kilowatts (kW) alternating current charging piles to two electric vehicles charging's neighbors.

Transaction matching instruction's confirmation time consumption only needs 1.5 seconds. Every match, one pen point-to-point (P2P) electricity transaction, the network only deducts 0.0005 dollars' extremely low handling fee. Seller neighbor every sell out 10 degrees electricity (kWh) obtains 1.1 dollars' digital currency profit entering account. Buyer neighbor saves down from big power grid according to 0.18 dollars/kilowatt-hour ladder electricity price buy electricity's expensive expenditure, every buy 10 degrees electricity (kWh) saves 0.7 dollars.

The whole community of 1,000 households residents carry out totally as high as 8500 times' scattered electricity point-to-point transaction actions, local power grid power distribution transformer's peak value load load-bearing pressure is unloaded 22% to 26%. Transformer internal coil's working temperature in the whole day highest load time period drops 14 degrees Celsius. Transformer's insulation aging speed slows down, hardware life is postponed 4.5 years.