How Do You Compare Solar Panel Options | Effectively Efficiency Ratings, Durability, Technology Type

Compare efficiency ≥ 20% priority; look examine decline reduce rate ≤ 0.5% / year, quality protect ≥ 25 years; divide separate single crystal with PERC/TopCon technology, and core calculate every watt cost with real exact power generation amount.

Efficiency Ratings

Look standard table

Evaluate one piece light volt board take sun light transform can become use straight flow electric's percent rate, must peel leave factory merchant standard call's theory peak value, tear solve standard test try condition (STC) with standard call cell work temperature (NOCT) exactly between's number value difference. STC setup fixes ring border is every square meter receive receive 1,000 watts (W/m²) light shine strong degree, cell surface temperature lock at 25 degrees Celsius, big gas mass amount point mark (AM) for 1.5.

At this kind of extreme point, ideal's real empty like's data number model shape under, one piece physical size measure for 1.7 meters multiplied by 1.03 meters, by 60 pieces single body cell string connect group become's complete module, out factory forehead fix power Standard Notes for 400 watts, light electric transform change rate about at 20.5% up down wave move. Real exact roof top's day shine parameter complete whole no method copy make STC's parameter base standard.

NOCT standard take test try light shine strong degree down adjust to 800 W/m², ring border empty gas temperature setup for 20 degrees Celsius, lead enter every second 1 meter's wind speed change amount. At that set 400 watts STC standard call module by put enter NOCT test try ring border after, peak value power output pass normal will break cliff style down drop to 295 watts to 310 watts section space, absolute power decline reduce broad degree reach arrive 22% to 26%. At rule plan complete house system total hold amount time, if one set year consumes electric amount for 12,000 kilo watt hours (kWh)'s single building live house complete whole rely according STC parameter go reverse push panel number amount, most end real exact merge net's cross flow electric produce amount will compare expect expectation account face number word little 3,000 kilo watt hours, lead cause head year throw money return report rate (ROI) from expect expectation's 14.5% slide drop to 10.2%.

Calculate temperature deviation difference

When sunlight penetrates a 3.2-millimeter-thick positive face steel transformer glass, it shines on a silicon piece on time, big about 80% of the sun's radiated energy amount no method transforms change to electric energy, but is turned change become hot energy pile accumulate at panel inside part. Every piece panel back face name plate on Standard Notes's Pmax temperature tie number, measure amount chemical did temperature every deviate leave 25 degrees Celsius base standard line 1 degree what lead sends power drop fall percent rate.

Eye front market adopts use P shape PERC technology's single crystal silicon panel, Pmax temperature tie number general broad stop stay at -0.35%/°C to -0.40%/°C's section space. In the summer season, direct noon, when the ring border empty gas temperature reaches 35 degrees Celsius, the reason is because the black color backboard and glass's suck hot effect answer, roof top panel's physical surface temperature continuous often will rise to 65 degrees Celsius. This time, the panel temperature compared to STC base standard temperature is high out 40 degrees Celsius. Take this 40-degree temperature difference and multiply it by -0.35% 's temperature tie number, get out's bear load decline reduce rate high reach 14%.

One piece standard call transform change rate for 21%, output power for 400 watts' panel, at 65 degrees Celsius's work ring border under, real time output power will drop fall to 344 watts, real exact have effect transform change rate by press shrink to 18% left right. Select use N shape different quality knot (HJT) technology's module, temperature tie number can control at -0.26%/C, at the same equal 65 degrees Celsius's high temperature under, power fold damage rate only for 10.4%, every day 5 hours' peak value day shine time section inside, every piece panel can compare P shape panel more pull return about 0.07 kilo watt hours' electric amount flow lose.

Cell piece

Pass go 5 years occupy hold market 80% share forehead's PERC (send shoot extreme and back face dull chemical cell) technology, pass cross at single crystal silicon piece back face increase add one layer three oxygen chemical two aluminum (Al2O3) dull chemical layer come reverse shoot not by suck receive's long wave length light child, take amount produce flat equal transform change rate push high to 20% to 21.5%. PERC technology's theory extreme limit transform change rate by lock fix at 24.5%, amount produce transform change rate lift rise's edge border cost present point number level up rise.

Eye front transform change rate break break 22.5%'s panel, base root complete part turn towards did TOPCon (tunnel penetrate oxygen chemical layer dull chemical connect touch) or HJT (different quality knot) frame build. TOPCon technology at N shape silicon piece back face heavy accumulate one layer 1 to 2 nano meters thick's super thin two oxygen chemical silicon (SiO2) tunnel penetrate layer and mix mix many crystal silicon layers, take little number carry flow child's double match speed rate drop low did 40%, make get complete piece panel's transform change rate steady fix at 22% to 22.8% exactly between.

Towards area area have limit, can use install setup empty room not foot 400 square English feet's roof top, spread setup transform change rate 22.5%'s TOPCon panel compare spread setup 20%'s PERC panel, can at mutual same's physical area area inside take straight flow system total hold amount from 6 kilo watts (kW) lift rise to 6.75 kilo watts (kW). Take the local ground electric price of 0.18 US dollars/kWh calculate count, more out's 0.75 kilowatt install machine amount, every year produce about 1,100 kilowatt hours extra outside electric amount's same time, will at 25 years life cycle period inside happen produce 4,950 US dollars' extra add electric fee push deduct receive benefit.

Light learn physical amount

From light child connect touch panel surface to most end output electric flow, every one micro small's light learn reverse shoot and electric road block resist all will pull low transform change rate's number value.

· Positive face glass cover cover's resist reverse shoot (AR) paint layer pass cross change different light learn fold shoot rate, take 300 nano meters to 1,100 nano meters wave length fan round inside's sun light reverse shoot rate from original start glass's 4% to 5% press low to 1% to 1.5%'s mistake difference extreme value inside, for inside part more lose send did about 3%'s have effect light child.

· Light lead decline reduce effect answer (LID) at our factory after head time expose bare at sun light's 100 hours inside happen produce, reason because P shape silicon piece middle boron oxygen double match body's active live, will lead cause early start transform change rate happen produce 1.5% to 3%'s forever long nature drop low, and change use mix phosphorus's N shape silicon piece can take LID lead send's early start power flow lose rate control at 0.5% inside.

· Gather flow strip (Busbar)'s wide degree and number amount big broad shadow sound electric flow lead out's string connect electric block resist, take 5 main net (5BB) lift level for many main net (MBB, pass normal for 9 to 12 strips) or no main net (0BB) design plan, can take cover light area area subtract little 1.2%, same time take electric flow pass send pass process middle's hot damage exhaust drop low about 2 watts.

· Panel inside part by 3 pieces beside road two extreme tubes take 60 pieces cell divide for 3 pieces single stand's string connect child string, when inside middle three divide one's area area by tree leaf or smoke tube shadow block cover time, two extreme tubes will blink time beside road drop receive block cover's child string area domain, make get complete body electric flow output only down drop 33.3%, and not is reason because wood bucket effect answer lead cause complete piece panel's output electric pressure complete bottom return zero.

Reverse change device

Parameter table on exceed pass 22%'s straight flow transform change rate, must transform change become 60 Hertz (Hz), 240 volts (V)'s cross flow electric (AC) talent can by home family electric net consume exhaust. Mainstream group string style reverse change device's most high transform change effect rate pass normal Standard Notes for 98.5%, at bear load rate low than 20% or high than 90%'s section space run row time, real exact transform change effect rate will present throw object thread shape slide drop to 95% up down. Straight flow to cross flow's hold match ratio (DC/AC Ratio) is decided by most end system extreme transform change rate's hard nature point mark. Take 7,000 watts (7 kW)'s straight flow sun energy array row connect enter one platform forehead fix power for 6,000 watts (6 kW)'s reverse change device, form becomes's 1.16 hold match ratio will lead cause at spring season clear bright's direct noon time divide happen produce cut peak (Clipping) present elephant.

Reverse change device physical hold amount up limit will take extra more's 1,000 watts straight flow electric transform change for hot amount scatter lose, lead cause about 1.5% of the total power generation amount by white white wave waste. Maintain keep 1.15 to 1.25's hold match ratio can let device prepare at early morning and near evening's light shine low valley period more early reach arrive start up electric pressure door threshold value, take every day's have effect power generation time long pull long about 45 minutes.

From roof top to match electric box's thread lose same kind will swallow bite transform change rate, use use straight path more thick's 10 AWG copper thread replace replace 12 AWG thread cable cross step 50 English feet's physical distance leave, can take thread road pass lose middle's electric pressure drop broad strict limit fix at 1%'s standard rule difference inside, exact protect panel extreme every produce become 100 kilo watt hours straight flow electric, most end electric table extreme can real hit real ground record down reach little 94 kilo watt hours' cross flow electric enter account.

Durability

Look prevent smash glass

Walk business standard rule's single face module pass normal adopt use thick degree for 3.2 millimeters' high penetrate light rate plate film glass, single piece panel's complete body heavy amount maintain at 21.5 kilograms left and right. This kind of rule grid's physical resistance bump strong ability, must pass cross test try room standard rule rule fan under's move state bear load bump hit: exact send shoot straight path 25 milli meters, quality amount about for 7.5 grams' real heart ice ball, take every second 23 meters (about fold every hour 51.4 English miles)'s mutual towards speed rate enter row vertical straight bump hit.

When ice hail body volume's square difference increases big or drops fall speed rate increases add time, 3.2 millimeters single layer glass's prevent protect net exactly will out present big than 5.8%'s break crack rate rate. Eye front double-face double glass module's make build work art take positive reverse two faces each divide match did 2.0 milli meters thick degree's half steel transform hot deal with glass, take complete body physical prevent protect layer's thick degree push high arrive did 4.0 milli meters, panel total quality amount also mutual answer increase add to 24 kilo grams above. This kind of material quality divides distribute's change different take module resist prevent heavy degree ice hail bump hit's physical mistake difference drop low did 35%, even if face towards straight path reach arrive 35 milli meters' ice freeze firm body take every second 27.2 meters' end extreme speed rate smash down, glass surface's micro crack lines happen produce rate also can control at 0.15%'s extreme low rate rate fan round inside.

In the North America middle west part, wait extreme point ice hail sky air continuous send area domain, select use 2.0 milli meters add 2.0 milli meters double glass knot build's panel, can make one set 8 kilo watts (kW) system at 25 years work age inside's physical damage bad maintain fix fee use budget, from count total learn flat equal's 1,250 US dollars big broad degree press drop to not arrive 280 US dollars.

Aluminum make edge frame

For did chase seek more light's heavy amount parameter and more low's object flow luck lose cost, part divide make build flow water thread take edge frame's cut face thick degree from pass down's 40 milli meters cut subtract to 30 milli meters, single piece panel's metal body volume partner follow it change small, complete body heavy amount subtract light did about 1.2 kilo grams. Metal thickness's subtract little from physical change different did edge frame material quality's bend submit strong degree point mark.

At bear receive same equal 5,400 Pascals (Pa)'s quiet state test try press force time, 30 milli meters edge frame middle heart point's scratch degree change shape amount will compare 40 milli meters edge frame increase add big about 15 milli meters to 22 milli meters. This kind of meat eye hard to examine feel's millimeter level shake broad, will take 0.8 to 1.2's inside part answer force pass deliver ratio rate make use of crisp weak's single crystal silicon cell piece on, lead cause inside part silicon piece happen produce hide crack's rate rate become double number put big. Complete whole expose bare at outside door strong purple outside thread and high wet degree ring border under's aluminum match metal surface, must at out factory front pass strict limit's electric chemical positive pole oxygen chemical deal with, happen produce's protect protect nature oxygen chemical film thick degree middle position value need strict limit lock fix at 15 micro meters to 20 micro meters exactly between.

Along the sea ground area empty gas middle chlorine chemical sodium salt divides flat equal thick degree continuous often break break every liter 15 milligrams' high position base standard line, if module edge frame's oxygen chemical film thick degree low than 10 micro meters' most low safe full value, at ring border mutual towards wet degree long period maintain keep at 85% above' sky air area inside, metal surface's electric chemical rot eat speed rate will present throw object thread add speed.

Resist wind, snow, bear press

Country border electric work give rely meeting (IEC)'s quiet state machine tool carry load test try for panel setup fix did clear exact's bear heavy extreme limit fan round. Panel positive face's standard match test try number value pass normal need need reach arrive 5,400 Pa's absolute resist press extreme value, this one physical strong degree's parameter mutual equal to every square meter's panel surface by strong line give add big about 550 kilo grams heavy's accumulate snow quality amount.

Aim right high latitude drop snow dense degree extreme big's strict cold area domain, part divide special kind module pass cross at back face increase add two strips high strong degree's cross towards metal add strong muscle, can take positive face's quiet state bear press peak value push high to 7,200 Pa, exact protect at accumulate snow thick degree break break 1.2 meters, continuous keep low temperature press press 120 hours' extreme point feeling condition under not happen produce knot build nature fall down.

Panel back face's wind carry load test try standard rule general broad setup fix at 2,400 Pa, can enough at physical resist block wind speed at every hour 130 English miles left right's strong array wind tear pull. At strong wind, continuous send hot belt and sub hot belt ground belt, build construct standard rule past past strong line ask ask panel back face's resist negative wind press ability must reach arrive 3,600 Pa to 4,000 Pa's higher standard rule difference inside.

Wind hole physical test tries count total data number display clear, when blink time array wind wind press at 3 seconds clock inside from 1,000 Pa violent violent jump rise to 3,000 Pa time, general normal single face panel back board's up down shake broad will reach arrive positive negative 18 milli meters.

Block water steam seep enter

At long reach 25 years, even 30 years, expose sky wind chemical period inside, block cut outside part water divide seep penetrate enter inside part electric road net's speed rate, is decide fix power generation device prepare most end life span long short's hard nature measure amount point mark. Pass down single glass panel big amount use use B alkene - vinegar sour B alkene ester gather match object (EVA) as for wrap pack cell piece's penetrate light glue film material quality, its water steam penetrate pass physical screen block's flow amount dense degree big about at every square meter every day 2.0 grams to 3.0 grams exactly between.

Empty gas middle's swim leave water divide one morning penetrate pass back board enter enter inside part, will with EVA seal package material quality at high temperature under release put's vinegar sour leave child happen produce chemical knot match, at electric power lead induce decline reduce (PID) effect answer's continuous keep push chemical under, take 0.1 micro amperes (µA) level's micro small leak electric flow shape style, complete sky weather invade eat cell surface's nitrogen chemical silicon subtract reverse shoot layer.

For this kind of not can reverse's electric chemical rot eat rate rate drop to most low, high rule grid's N shape cell and double glass panel general broad change use gather alkene hydrocarbon spring nature body (POE) glue film. POE material quality inside part's molecule cross-connect degree pass normal high reach 85% above, take water steam's day flat equal penetrate shoot rate strong line press shrink to every square meter every day 0.2 grams below, complete body block water block oxygen nature ability compare pass down's EVA material quality lift rise did complete complete 10 times have extra.

At test try room extreme point strict heavy's double 85 sky air cycle period test try box inside, experience pass long reach 1,000 hours' extreme limit continuous keep high temperature high wet bake roast after, adopt use pure POE tree fat seal package's panel complete body power decline reduce flat equal value can be by fine exact control at 1.5% to 2.2%'s narrow straight section space inside.

Technology Type

Look single crystal silicon

The market occupancy rate exceeds 85% single crystal silicon module, by pure degree reach arrive 99.999% single body silicon crystal stick complete body cut cut and become. Complete whole make build work sequence take number by hundred millions count's silicon original child row arrange become continuous keep's single one crystal body net grid, electric child at inside part lead thread net network middle pass lose time's physical block stop extreme little.

At standard rule's test try room test try condition under, amount produce level's single crystal silicon panel transform change rate steady fix at 19% to 22.8% percent ratio section space inside. One piece physical size measure for 1.7 meters multiplied by 1.03 meters' 60 pieces cell standard rule module, forehead fix output power can light relax break break 400 watts (W)'s number value big pass.

Purchase single crystal silicon panel's early start cost pass normal drop stay at every watt 0.70 US dollars to 1.00 US dollars exactly between. If you want to have a limit of 300 square English feet roof top on build stand one set total hold amount for 6 kilo watts (kW) 's merge net system, single crystal silicon's high power dense degree can at physical empty room help you save province about 15% to 20% install setup area area.

Match set single crystal silicon module's group string style reverse change device, can enough take transform change out's straight flow electric pressure take extreme low's damage lose rate push enter electric net. Reason because single body crystal grid knot builds steady fix nature extreme high, out factory bear promise's physical use use life span general broad at 25 years to 30 years exactly between, expect guess's year flat equal power damage lose middle position number strict limit maintain keep at 0.4% left right's firm fix compare rate on.

Calculate many crystal silicon

Many crystal silicon's flow water thread produce produce work art is take big amount's break silicon stone melt chemical after pour enter square shape mold tool middle cold pass, this kind base foundation's cast make method take silicon material quality's make build cost hard nature press low did 15% to 20%. Reason because cut piece inside part by many many not same direction's crystal body grain grain piece gather and become, carry flow child at penetrate pass crystal border time will happen produce high frequency time's bump hit and energy amount damage lose.

Light electric transform change rate's physical up limit receive control at this, by firm firm lock fix at 15% to 17%'s run row fan round inside. One piece same equal physical size measures many crystal silicon panels, its peak value output power passes normal only have 330 watts to 350 watts exactly between.

Select many crystal silicon module frame build one piece year consume electric amount for 10,000 kilowatt hours (kWh)'s home use system, total install setup budget can mutual towards subtract little 1,000 US dollars to 1,500 US dollars. Want to reach the single crystal silicon complete whole mutual equal's total power generation hold amount, your roof top must extra outside supply give more out 25%'s idle set area area come put set more many's module.

This kind of physical occupation ground area's increase add, will mutual answer lift high aluminum match metal install setup branch stand and straight flow thread cable's consume material fee use, pull long carry out work time and increase add about 200 US dollars' person work fee use, follow and at one fixed degree on push fade drop early period purchase buy price grid on's gold forehead excellent power.

Pick N shape and P shape

Crystal silicon cell bottom layer's physical data number deviation difference comes from chemical original element's mix mix work art. At pass go's ten several years inside, make build extreme general broad adopt use at silicon piece inside part mix enter boron original element's P shape (positive electric carry) technology. Boron is an original element that meets sunlight, shines, shoots, and swims. Leave oxygen original child after, will fast speed active live form become boron oxygen double match body.

At device prepare install setup on roof top merge net power generation's head piece self nature year inside, light lead decline reduce (LID) present elephant will let P shape panel's standard call transform change rate happen produce about 2.0% to 2.5%'s absolute number value down drop.

Take mix mix original element replace change for phosphorus original element's N shape (negative electric carry) technology, from molecule layer face on complete bottom row remove did boron oxygen double match body's happen produce rate rate. N shape silicon piece's head year light lead decline reduce rate by strong line control at 0.5%'s extreme low mistake difference fan round inside.

N shape panel's purchase buy report price pass normal compare same rule grid's P shape panel expensive out 10% to 15%, single piece 400 watts module's difference price at 25 US dollars to 40 US dollars exactly between wave move. At long reach 25 years' match same life life cycle period inside, N shape technology lean rely extreme low's year chemical decline reduce rate and excellent different's early late weak light answer answer ability, can let complete set system's total power generation receive benefit extra outside increase add 3% to 5%.

Rely on every year produce out 12,000 degrees of electric's base standard bear load calculate count, this pen increase adds electric amount can at 25 years inside transform change become exceed pass 2,000 US dollars' account face gold money return report, far far run win front period's device prepare difference price throw money.

Thin film how pick

Thin film solar energy cell throw drop did thick heavy's pure silicon piece base bottom, take copper indium gallium selenium (CIGS) or tellurium chemical cadmium (CdTe) wait light electric feel answer material quality, take several micro meters to ten several micro meters' extreme thin paint layer shape style, pass cross gas phase heavy accumulate technology attach catch at glass, plastic material even to soft nature metal thin piece on.

Complete piece panel's physical thickness degree pass normal not arrive 2.0 millimeters, every square meter's system heavy amount is only 2.5 kilograms to 3.5 kilograms, only have pass down crystal silicon panel heavy amount's eight divide of one to ten divide of one. This kind of extreme low quality amount bear load very normal suit fit install setup at house car car top or bear heavy standard rule low than every square meter 15 kilo grams' light steel knot build business industry store house on.

Light thin's physical special nature needs need take sacrifice transform change rate for generation price, eye front business use thin film panel's light electric transform change rate general broad walk round at 10% to 13%'s low position run row section space. Build a stand-alone 5-kilowatt (kW) cross flow power generation system, thin film module need need occupy use exceed pass 45 square meters' absolute receive light area area.

Thin film material quality at high temperature ring border under's hot power learn power fold damage rate extreme low, temperature tie number pass normal maintain keep at excellent different's -0.20%/°C left right. When the summer season roof top surface's physical temperature rises to 65 degrees Celsius, thin film module's real-time power generation effect rate damage loss compare single crystal silicon module little near near 40%, at day shine extreme strong's high temperature sky air area have prepare high degree fit join's temperature suit answer ability.

Data number pair shine table

Look double-face power generation

Double-face (bifacial) module technology hit break only can rely on single-face suck receive light child follow and happen produce electric child jump jump's physical limit fix. Flow water thread take panel back face's not penetrate light gather match object back board replace change for thick degree for 2.0 millimeters' high penetrate light degree hot strong chemical glass or penetrate light back board, let cell piece's positive reverse two faces all can same time catch catch sun radiate energy amount.

Positive face part divide normal constant suck receive straight shoot sun light happen produce 100%'s base standard forehead fix power, back face light volt layer then bear duty complete sky weather gather collect from ground face, white snow or shallow color roof top paint layer reverse shoot return come's spread reverse shoot light child.

At install setup lean angle for 30 degrees and ground face reverse shoot rate reach arrive 80%'s white snow cover cover face on, double face module's back face can extra outside supply give 15% to 30%'s increase send power percent ratio (Bifacial Gain). One piece positive face standard call power for 400 watts' panel, at ideal's high spread reverse shoot light learn condition under, its real exact gather match output power can blink time whirlwind rise to 460 watts to 500 watts exactly between.

Take general normal single face panel complete part lift level replace change for double face double glass panel, complete set hard piece system's purchase buy cost total forehead pass normal only towards up increase add big about 5% to 8%. Only want local ground's complete year day shine time base number huge big and roof top have prepare high fold shoot rate condition, this pen extra outside pay out's device prepare budget can enough at system merge net run row after's 24 months to 36 months inside, pass cross electric table on more run out come's kilo watt hours number word real present 100% cover cover.