What Impacts Solar Panel Performance | Sunlight Angle, Temperature, Shading

Module tilt slant angle 30–35 efficiency most excellent; temperature every rise 1℃ efficiency drop about 0.4%; cover block 5% can cause output drop 20%, need optimize arrange distribute and fix period clean.

Sunlight Angle

Aim at the sun

At 1000 watts/square meter's standard test radiate strong degree under, light thread take 90 degrees vertical enter shoot, silicon piece's transform efficiency can reach standard call's 22% peak value. Deviate from vertical angle, light spot at panel surface's throw shadow area will be pulled long, unit area inside receive arrive's radiate dense degree according to cosine rule drop fall. Enter shoot angle deviate leave 15 degrees, radiate strong degree drop fall about 3.4%; deviate leave 30 degrees, lose lose expand big to 13.4%; once deviate leave reaches 60 degrees, photovoltaic board receives only 50% of the energy.

Divide open geometry throw shadow's energy decline reduce, 3.2 millimeters thick's steel transform glass self body exist physical reverse light rate. Bring have subtract reverse light cover layer's photovoltaic glass at 0 to 40 degrees' enter shoot angle interval inside, reverse light rate can steady fix at 4%'s low position. When light thread enters the shoot, the angle reaches 60 degrees, the glass surface's reverse light rate will whirlwind rise to 15%; force near 80 degrees, exceed 50% light child will be reverse bounce back into space, complete no way touch reach bottom layer's electric pool piece.

· Single piece 540 watts' module, at deviate leave vertical enter shoot angle 30 degrees' work condition under, output power will drop to 467 watts' water level.

· Clear morning 7 o'clock and evening 5 o'clock, due to enter shoot angle exceed 75 degrees, single piece module's real exact output power normal often not arrive 30 watts.

· Subtract reverse light cover layer thick degree pass normal at 100 to 150 nano meters between, set fix at this thick degree range bounds can let wavelength be 600 nano meters' light thread penetrate shoot rate increase add about 2.5%.

Pierce penetrate big gas

Earth's big gas layer is one piece thick, about 100 kilometers' filter light piece. The sun's high degree angle is lower, light thread pierce penetrates big gas layer's route path, then more long, physical route path long degree at photovoltaic collar domain use big gas quality (AM) come amount transform. Experiment room test try data number unify adopt AM1.5's standard, this time the sun's high degree angle is 41.8 degrees. When winter season comes, the place at north latitude 40 degrees' ground area at direct noon time divides, the sun's high degree angle is only 26.5 degrees, and the light thread needs to pierce penetrate's big gas thick degree is summer season direct noon's 2.2 times. Big gas middle's water steam gas, stink oxygen and hang float particle object will big amount suck receive 300 to 1100 nano meters wave length range bounds inside's light child.

· High degree angle from 40 degrees to 15 degrees, every square meter receives the sun's radiant amount will from 850 watts sharp reduce to 400 watts below.

· Wavelength at 300 to 400 nanometers' purple outside light, at long route path under's scatter shoot decline reduce rate is 600 nanometers red light's 16 times.

· At high sea, pull 2000 meters' area domain, empty gas dense degree drop fall about 20%, same equal sun high degree angle under's radiate strong degree compare sea flat face high out about 11%.

Calculate exact tilt angle

For did most big transform year total power generation amount, fix dead tilt angle pass normal set fix as local ground latitude number value. If for winter season's high electricity use needs, can take branch frame tilt angle set fixed as latitude add up 15 degrees. Take the north latitude 35 degrees' ground area as an example, take the tilt angle towards up adjust to 50 degrees, 12 months' single month power generation amount can compare 35 degrees tilt angle time high out 18%, substitute price is 7 months' power generation amount will produce out about 12%'s negative direction deviate difference. Arrange distribute array time, front row panel will towards back row produce out geometry shadow. At winter arrive day, noon 9 o'clock, the sun's high degree angle extreme low's emotion condition under, want to protect prove back row panel reach 0%'s shadow cover block rate, array's space distance (Pitch) must pass cross strict exact three angle function push calculate.

· The wide degree is 2.28 meters' photovoltaic board take 30 degrees tilt angle vertical row install, at latitude 40 degrees ground area, front and back row's safe whole space distance need reach 6.5 meters.

· For did save province earth land rent lease cost, take space distance press shrink to 4.5 meters, winter arrive front back 30 days inside, early late each will have 1.5 hours place at 50% above's cover block shape state.

· Install tilt angle every drop low 5 degrees, array resist wind pressure ability will lift rise about 8%, but surface's self-cleaning ability will drop fall, rain water rush wash mud sand's face border heavy force angle is 15 degrees.

Chase follows light run

Flat single axis track trace system let panel along follow south north axis thread do east west direction spin turn, spin turn broad degree pass normal at -60 degrees to +60 degrees between. The move state angle adjust section can let direct noon outside's early late time period, light thread enter shoot angle start end protect keep at 10 degrees inside's micro small deviate difference.

Photovoltaic array's day power generation curve thread will from one seat steep steep's mountain peak change become one piece broad wide's high original, single day protect keep at 80% rated fixed power above's time can from 2.5 hours pull long to 6 hours.

· Match equip flat single axis system's electric station, every watt's early start build makes cost increase add about 0.15 US dollars, but complete year's total power generation amount will climb rise 25% to 30%.

· Double axis track trace system can simultaneously adjust section direction position angle (360 degrees) and look up angle (0 to 90 degrees), power generation amount increase benefit high reach 40%, but machine tool trouble barrier rate is single axis system's 3.5 times.

· Track trace branch frame's drive move electric machine every day exhaust consumes about 0.05 degrees electricity; when the wind speed meter measures wind speed reaches 16 meters/second, the system will force line drive move panel return to 0 degrees' water flat protect keep position, complete pass process consumes time about 3 minutes.

Back face also generates electricity

Double-face double-glass photovoltaic board's back face same pattern can suck receive environment middle's scatter shoot light and ground surface's reverse shoot light. Back face's receive light angle high degree rely depend on front face's install tilt angle as well as module leave ground surface's physical high degree. When the front face tilt angle is set to 30 degrees, the module's lowest point leaves the ground 1.2 meters, and the ground surface reverse shoots's light thread has full foot's geometry space shoot enter back face. Ground surface material quality's reverse light rate (Albedo) add up back face's receive light angle, total together decide fixed did double face increase benefit's hundred divide ratio number value.

· At reverse light rate is 80% white color reverse light film roof top on, 30 degrees tilt angle can bring extra outside 18% to 22% back face power generation amount.

· At reverse light rate only, 20% grass ground is on, same pattern's tilt angle and high degree, back face increase benefit will violent drop to 5% to 7% interval.

· If the wind pressure resisted, the tilt angle was low to 10 degrees, the panel self body at the ground surface formed a physical shadow area, which would expand by 40%, block break did 80% shoot towards the back face's reverse shoot light bundle.

Temperature

Hot did exact drop electricity

Single crystal silicon photovoltaic module's name plate parameter number, complete part build stand at 25 degrees Celsius' standard test try environment point on. Once the strip leaves the constant temperature experiment room, violent exposure to the door outside environment, the deep color glass surface will absorb a large amount of short wave red outside thread, take radiate energy transform change for hot energy.

At room temperature, the gas temperature reaches 35 degrees Celsius' direct noon, at 1000 watts/square meter's full carry light shine under, module surface's physical temperature will swift fast climb rise to 65 degrees Celsius to 70 degrees Celsius interval. Panel inside part's half conduct body material towards temperature extreme its sensitive feel, temperature every high out 25 degrees Celsius 1 degree, whole body's output power will according to -0.34% to -0.40%'s negative temperature tie number happen produce thread nature decline reduce.

Environment temperature with panel work temperature pass normal exist 25 to 30 degrees Celsius' fix dead temperature difference. Take one piece standard call power is 400 watts' panel as an example, when its work temperature reaches 70 degrees Celsius, with a 25 degrees Celsius base standard thread produce out did 45 degrees' temperature difference deviate difference, according to -0.35%'s tie number calculate count, single piece module's power lose lose match ratio reach 15.75%, real exact output value only left 337 watts. At complete year 8760 pieces hours' run row cycle period inside, high temperature leads to total power generation amount damage exhaust pass normal occupy arrive system year degree theory produce out's 6% to 9%.

Data number show display, at flat equal gas temperature reach 38 degrees Celsius' dry drought sand desert ground band, install machine capacity is 50 megawatts' big type electric station, single day middle noon 12 o'clock to down noon 2 o'clock period space, will because hot damage exhaust lose miss high reach 12 mega watts' peak value output power, fold calculate every day's economy finance lose lose can reach several thousand US dollars.

Electric pressure towards down drop

At PN tie inside part, high temperature makes electric child's hot move move add severe, lead cause half conduct body material's forbid band wide degree change narrow. At 70 degrees Celsius' work environment under, open road electric pressure will take -0.28%/degree Celsius' speed rate hold down slide. One piece standard call open road electric pressure is 38 volts' module, at this temperature under's real exact test try electric pressure will drop fall to 33.2 volts left right.

Even though short road electric current will out appear about +0.04%/degree Celsius' micro small positive direction increase add rate, but at broad degree reach its 7 times' electric pressure drop broad face front, micro weak's electric current increase amount complete no way fill fix electric pressure violent drop cause make's total electric amount lack mouth.

System setup design stage, engineer worker must take high temperature period's most low electric pressure value replace enter calculate count public formula, protect prove whole string module string connect after's total electric pressure down limit, start end maintain keep at reverse change device MPPT track trace range bounds' 200 volts start up threshold value point on, deny else whole strip group string's electric current input will drop to 0 amperes.

Adopt N model TOPCon electric pool piece's new model module, due to bottom layer mix miscellany work art's change change, power temperature tie number by optimize transform arrive did -0.29%/degree Celsius. At the same time, 70 degrees Celsius' high temperature negative carry under, N model module compare traditional P model PERC module can more protect stay about 12 watts' output power, complete life cycle period's power generation amount flat equal number high out 3.5%.

Leave crack blow wind cool

At install ring knot, module edge frame with roof top base material between's physical space gap body volume, decide fixed did bottom part empty gas flow move's cut face area. If adopt tight paste roof face's flat pave square case, back part empty gap small at 5 centimeters, accumulate gather's hot empty gas no way smooth flow row scatter, module's flat equal run row temperature will compare environment temperature high out 35 degrees Celsius above.

Must at the bottom part leave out 15 to 20 centimeters deep degree's pass wind pass road, when room outside self nature wind speed reaches every second 2.5 meters' flow amount time, pierce cross crack gap's gas flow can at 3 minutes inside take back board temperature down press 8 to 10 degrees Celsius.

At wind speed total count middle position number compare high's high ground, match reason profit use wind pressure lead guide gas flow pierce cross array, can let single piece panel more pull return 5% to 7% power generation return report rate. Towards rule mold reach 1 megawatt's flat top project eye, add high branch frame increase add 5 centimeters' pass wind space gap, every watt's build setup cost micro increase 0.02 US dollars, but every year can return receive about 15000 degrees electricity's high temperature fold damage amount.

Experiment test draw surface clear, array number one row module because can receive arrive not pass block stop's early start cold wind, work temperature pass normal compare number ten row module low 4 degrees Celsius. At the array middle space, every separate 10 meters, pre-leave one piece wide degree is 50 centimeters' cold empty gas lead enter pass road, can make middle heart area domain module's square difference temperature drop low 2.5 degrees.

Choose the right good material

Market on chase seek visual sense one exact nature's complete black module, adopt use did black color's back board and black color's oxygen transform aluminum edge frame, its towards sun light's suck receive rate high reach 95%. At mutual same's radiate strong degree and gas temperature under, complete black module's panel temperature passes normal compare adopt white color net grid back board and silver color edge frame's normal rule module high out 3 to 5 degrees Celsius. Only extra outside high out's temperature change amount, then will increase add about 1.5% power generation amount damage exhaust.

At the time of choosing pick seal package material, gather alkene hydrocarbon bullet nature body (POE) glue film compare traditional ethyl alkene-vinegar sour ethyl alkene ester (EVA) glue film possess provide more strong's bear high temperature old transform nature ability.

At 85 degrees Celsius, mutual towards wet degree 85%'s extreme end add speed old transform test try middle, hold keep run turn 1,000 hours after, EVA glue film normal often will out appear body volume swell expand and penetrate light rate drop fall, and POE glue film can protect keep 98% above's penetrate light rate, and protect prove electric pool piece's machine tool strong degree point mark not happen produce deviate shift.

Double-face double glass module's no edge frame setup design not only helps prevent accumulated ash, its double-face glass material quality's hot hold amount divide distribute compare plastic back board more uniform evenly. At receive arrive short time hot dash hit time, 3.2 millimeters thick's glass can suck receive part split blink state hot amount, take rise temperature speed rate delay slow about 15%.

Machine tool fear send burn

Group string style reverse change device and micro type reverse change device inside part cloth full did electric hold, electric feel and IGBT power mold block, run turn time self body will produce out occupy total negative carry 2% to 3%'s hot amount damage exhaust. Mainstream reverse change device's complete power output temperature up limit set fixed at 45 degrees Celsius or 50 degrees Celsius.

Once the environment gas temperature adds up to the machine tool's self body's temperature rise dash break 45 degrees Celsius' threshold value, setup match inside put's drop amount protect keep procedure step then will start up. Temperature every exceed standard 1 degree, reverse change device's output power will be forced line according to 2% to 4% ratio rate carry out cut subtract. At an environment temperature of 60 degrees Celsius, a stuffy hot high-rise building inside, one stand rated fixed output 10 kilo watts' reverse change device can only release put out not arrive 6 kilo watts' power. Must take setup match install at back shadow face, and left right two sides protect stay at least 50 centimeters, up down protect stay 80 centimeters above's empty space use at empty gas mutual flow.

Shading

One cover complete stop work

Standard rule grid's sun energy board is by 60 pieces or exactly 72 pieces 156 millimeters multiply 156 millimeters foot inch's single crystal silicon electric pool pieces pass cross metal weld band string connect seal package and become, its standard work electric current pass normal maintain keep at 10.5 amperes to 13.5 amperes' peak value interval.

When one piece area is about 15 square centimeters, drop leaf cover match did single piece electric pool piece only 10% penetrate light area, whole strip string connect electric road's electric child flow move speed rate then will according to 10%'s absolute match ratio by strong system down pull.

String connect electric road's physical law rule rule set did whole strip chain road's most high bear carry electric current up limit complete whole receive make at ampere number most low's receive block knot point, mean taste with one lump penetrate light rate is 50%'s bird drop can take one piece rated fixed power is 400 watts' module output force line lock dead at 200 watts' low position.

At one piece, by 15 pieces panel group becomes normal rule group string frame build middle, if row at most edge border's 3 pieces panel every day meet face high reach 20% frequency time's smoke chimney shadow sweep shoot, reverse change device inside part's complete situation most big power point track trace count method will have 45%'s rate rate fall enter local part most low value's logic judge cut trap hole.

Count method deviate difference will lead to system single day's total power generation amount receive benefit out appear 35% left right's Gauss divide distribute square difference, original base pre-expect produce out's 20 degrees electricity's day equal produce ability will by press shrink to 13 degrees electricity's real exact flow amount.

Burn out big hole hole

Meet face cover block's electric pool piece will at 0.1 seconds' extreme short time inside part lose lose 0.6 volts' positive direction deviate set electric pressure, its physical belong nature blink space from electric energy produce yield single unit transform change for high reach 15 ohms block value's pure exhaust electricity electric block negative carry.

Reverse direction deviate pressure physical out appear elephant will force make same group its rest 71 pieces normal electric pool pieces produce out's about 30 watts electric energy complete number reverse pour, at thick degree only is 0.2 millimeters' silicon piece base bottom inside part transform change for pure pure's hot energy scatter send.

Short short 120 seconds' run row cycle period inside, local part receive block area domain's physical surface temperature will from 45 degrees Celsius' middle position value present point number level violent swell, most high value can light easy dash break 150 degrees Celsius' danger red thread.

High reach 105 degrees Celsius' violent severe temperature difference wave move will lead cause gather alkene hydrocarbon seal package glue film's body volume swell expand rate dash increase, make surface 3.2 millimeters thick's steel transform glass at connect down come's 5 years life span period inside happen produce violent crack's rate rate pull high to 18.5%.

Severe heavy's local part hot amount accumulate gather will through bottom break bad half conduct body inside part's PN tie physical frame build, bring come not can reverse turn's 100% forever long nature hold amount decline reduce, take one piece procure buy price grid is 250 US dollars' hard piece capital produce change become did point no value's industry business waste drop object.

Circle road protect output

Factory family for did prevent stop high reach 350 volts' whole string direct current high pressure through bottom paralyze break, will at module back face's connect thread box inside part side by side connect install 3 pieces Schottky beside road physical electric child original piece, take 72 pieces electric pool pieces at physical electric road on cut divide as 3 pieces each self contain hold 24 pieces electric pool pieces' independent child matrix array.

When some one piece receives a block matrix array two extremes' reverse direction electric pressure difference value dash break did 0.7 volts' lead pass safe whole threshold value, mutual pair answer's electric child original piece will at 0.01 seconds' speed rate under swift fast lead pass, lead guide high reach 11 amperes' strong electric current circle open high block resist area domain.

Active active one piece beside road route path's physical substitute price is must sacrifice drop whole piece panel 33.3%'s standard electric pressure forehead degree, original base at most high efficiency point output's 40 volts work electric pressure will blink space drop fall to 26.6 volts' water level.

Once barrier obstacle object's shadow area step cross did two pieces mutual neighbor's physical matrix array, module's total body power data number will take 66.6%'s shock people match ratio violent drop, most early 500 watts' rated fixed parameter number only will rest down 166 watts' real exact remain stay power output.

Long time period at 90 degrees Celsius' full carry hot negative carry under frequency numerous active active single strip beside road chain road, will add speed half conduct body material's old transform speed rate, make its original base setup design long reach 25 years' total count study flat equal use use life span big broad shrink water to 7.4 years' absolute low point.

Shadow cover block match ratio area	Active active beside road electric child original piece number amount	Real exact work electric pressure drop broad match ratio	Standard call power output protect stay rate	Single month pre-expect finance task lose lose budget
5% (single matrix array inside)	1 piece	33.3%	66.7%	$5.50
15% (step cross double matrix array)	2 pieces	66.6%	33.4%	$11.20
30% (cover match three matrix array)	3 pieces	100.0%	0.0%	$16.80

Change piece micro reverse

Tradition's group string style electric power transform change setup match only can pass move receive receive fix dead's 600 volts direct current mother thread electric pressure input, lead cause its middle 1 piece panel on only only 5% area's tree leaf shadow, then can take extra outside 14 pieces complete whole place at violent sun expose shape state under panel's transform efficiency drag tired near 22 pieces hundred divide points.

Lead enter possess provide module level electric power electric child optimize transform ability's micro type transform change setup match, can at physical top logic layer face on take photovoltaic array's power fold damage square difference from system level's big area spread stretch through bottom separate leave for 1 pair 1's single point independent change amount.

One stand rated fixed output is 350 watts' independent run count hard piece, can take that 15% electric amount subtract little rate essence exact seal lock at single piece meet suffer cover block's panel inside part, protect prove its rest module rely ran maintain keep at 98% above's most high transform efficiency interval complete speed run turn.

At long reach 10 years' pre-calculate cycle period measure calculate under, adopt use go middle heart transform frame build's photovoltaic array, its whole body invest capital return report rate pass normal compare tradition string connect square case high out 18.4%'s possess body number value.

If you give old have generate electricity setup match add install direct current power self fit response adjust section mold block, every watt's change build fee use only only increase add 0.08 US dollars' pre-calculate, yet can at single set capacity is 5 kilo watts' family use setup carry inside, every year rob return about 450 degrees electricity's flow lose produce amount.

Calculate exact safe whole distance

Install engineer worker must run use three-dimensional excite light thunder reach measure distance instrument, push calculate out one tree high degree is 5 meters' old oak tree at not come 10 years inside body volume increase grow rate reach 15% after's absolute physical empty space throw shadow seat mark.

Protect the tree crown with an array of water flat space distance big at 12.5 meters, talent can protect prove setup match at every day up noon 9 o'clock to down noon 3 o'clock tribute offer did complete day 85% produce amount's yellow gold work time period inside, surface shadow cover block rate's total count equal value dead dead card at 0%'s base standard thread on.

One strip distance branch frame front edge only has 2 meters far, high degree only is 1 meter's build structure stand wall, at sun high degree angle low to 20 degrees' winter arrive day front back, will at 25 degrees tilt angle's surface on throw shoot out long reach 40 centimeters' physical dark band.

A narrow long dark band will lead to a complete 12-month account single clean receive benefit out appear at least 45 US dollars' negative direction finance task deviate difference.

Fix period's physical dry pre-involve can have effect dry pre-involve environment rate rate, every half year flower spend 150 US dollars' labor work pre-calculate towards circle side plant object carry out one time body volume repair cut make work, cut subtract 30%'s physical cover block area, then can let panel's peak value power generation time long frequency rate protect keep at pre-expect full carry shape state's 92% above.