What Affects Solar Energy Output | Weather Conditions, Panel Orientation, System Efficiency

Light shine strong degree ≥800W/m² output most excellent; module towards south deviate leave <15° generate electricity difference <5%; system efficiency about 80%–90%, cloudy rain weather sky power generation amount drop fall 30% above need optimize run protect.

Weather Conditions

Cloud layer change thick

When 3,000-meter-thick rain clouds accumulate, every second 8 meters' speed rate sweeps past one 10-kilowatt array up direction time, reaching the panel surface's sun radiate degree will drop to 12 seconds inside from 1000 watts/square meter to 150 watts/square meter. Partner follow 85%'s radiate degree decline reduce, reverse change device's direct flow enter enter electric pressure from 480 volts sudden drop to 120 volts, produce out most big power point track trace count method 4.2%'s calculate count error difference.

· At 80% cloud amount cover match and continuous 6 hours' weather inside, one piece standard call 400 watts' module can only produce out 0.3 degree electricity, far lower than its 2.4 degree electricity's theory peak value, single day power generation receive benefit rate drop fall 87.5%.

· Towards 5000 pieces family use light volt system's total count sample book display clear, many cloud between clear weather's system output power leave scatter degree high reach 35%, and ten thousand li no cloud time's standard difference is only 2%.

· Cloud layer edge border's fold shoot out appear elephant occasional accident will produce out short time gather light effect answer, make local part area domain's blink time radiate degree break through 1200 watts/square meter, push urge module output electric flow at 0.5 seconds inside exceed out forehead fixed value's 15%, towards protect danger thread make become 1.2 times' blink state electric flow dash hit.

Down thick snow

At 20 degrees tilt angle's panel on accumulate gather 50 millimeters thick's dry drop down snow, will take glass's penetrate light rate cut subtract 99.5%, make one piece by 32 pieces panel group become's string connect back road's blink time power drop to 0 watt. Accumulate snow dense degree reach 300 kilograms/cubic meter time, one piece area is 2 square meters' standard transform module needs bear receive 60 kilograms' physical weight, lead send aluminum alloy edge frame's machine tool shape change reach 1.2 millimeters.

· Environment gas temperature returns to 2 degrees Celsius after, melt snow at heavy force action every second 0.5 meters' speed rate from 35 degrees tilt angle's surface slide drop, can at 15 minutes inside restore system 90% above's forehead fixed power generation ability.

· Year drop snow period long reach 4 pieces months' high latitude degree area inside, profit use accumulate snow surface flat equal 80%'s light learn reverse shoot rate, double face power generation module's back face can suck receive 200 watts/square meter's scatter shoot light, push urge winter season's month flat equal return report rate increase add 18% to 22%.

· Accumulate snow at night time zero down 10 degrees' environment inside knot ice, thick degree is 5 milli meters' ice layer will make light volt glass's hot pass lead rate change transform 0.6 watt/(meter·degree), increase add cell piece morning early pre-hot need seek's time about 45 minutes.

Empty gas too wet

Mutual towards wet degree reach 95%'s environment middle, empty gas inside straight path is 10 micro meters' hang float water drop will strong severe scatter shoot wave length at 400 nano meters to 700 nano meters exactly between's can see light, make become direct shoot enter panel's have effect radiate reduce little 25%. Light volt board surface's resist reverse shoot cover layer condense knot did 0.5 milli meters thick's morning dew time, light thread's enter shoot fold shoot angle happen produce 1.2 degrees' deviate shift, lead send peak value power 3.5%'s drop fall.

· Long reach 30 days place at 90% above wet degree environment middle, module happen produce electric potential induce decline reduce's rate rate increase add 15%, leak electric flow from 1 micro ampere climb rise to 15 micro amperes, lead send panel's fill enter factor drop fall 0.8%.

· Absolute wet degree every increase adds 10 grams/cube meter, reverse change device scatter hot wind fan's start up frequency times lift high 20%, make become system every month's run protect budget because backup piece change exchange cost up rise about 3.5 US dollars.

· Water steam enters the connecting thread box and inside part mutual towards wet degree exceed pass 85% time, beside road two extreme tube's contact touch electric block increase add 0.02 ohms, push urge this part piece's work temperature at full negative carry shape state under rise high 12 degrees Celsius.

Scrape wind drop temperature

Wind speed is 5 meters/second's gas flow flat line blow pass module back face time, every square meter surface area every hour can carry away 150 watts' hot amount, push urge cell piece's work temperature drop low 4 degrees Celsius. Bring have 4 degrees Celsius drop temperature effect answer's micro wind can make standard call 500 watts module's real time output power up rise 1.6%, phase match every hour many produce out 8 watt hours' electric energy.

· Array wind wind speed exceeds 25 meters/second time, install lead rail's micro shake move frequency times reach arrive 15 Hertz, make become silicon piece inside part produce out micro hidden crack's rate rate up rise 12%.

· Wind hole test try's sample book data number display clear, meet face blow come 10 meters/second's fast wind produce out 450 Pascals' move state wind pressure, push urge module inside part gather flow strip's space distance short time pull big 0.1 milli meters, lead send 0.05 ohms' string connect electric block wave move.

· Install at 30 meters high build structure roof top on's light volt array, bear receive's flat equal wind carry load compare distance ground 5 meters' array high out 40%, need extra outside throw enter occupy total fee use 8%'s budget come add firm 7.5 milli meters thick's fix dead not rust steel branch frame.

Smash ice hail

The straight path is 25 millimeters. Ice hail takes 22 meters/second's end point speed rate down fall time, towards 3.2 millimeters thick's steel transform glass make become 15 Joules' local part dash hit energy. At one field, the dense degree is every square meter 40 times bump hit, continuous 5 minutes' ice hail weather middle, even if 98% of the panel glass meat eye look has no break split, inside part cell piece's micro view break break also will make become 6.3% flat equal power lose lose.

· Towards 200 pieces experience pass ice hail's panel carry out electric induce send light detect measure, total count find out every piece cell piece's middle position number is 4 strip hidden crack lines, make make that batch module's year transform power decline reduce rate from 0.4% bad transform arrive did 1.1%.

· At one piece, 20 pieces panel group becomes string connect group inside change exchange 5 pieces suffer damage's 450 watts module, need support out 850 US dollars' hard piece price grid as well as 4 hours' person work cost, push urge system at 25 years life span period inside's flat equal transform degree electricity cost up rise 0.02 US dollars/degree.

· Ice hail bump hit leave down's deep degree only is 0.5 milli meters' micro small concave hole, change transform 15% area area domain's light thread diffuse reverse shoot route path, make become that local part area domain at direct noon time divide's short road electric flow reduce little 0.15 amperes.

Panel Orientation

Towards south earn

At north latitude 40 degrees, the geography position, take standard call power is 400 watts' single crystal silicon module install at direction position angle is direct south 180 degrees' position, can catch catch 100%'s theory sun radiate most big value. This time, every square meter surface area every year receives the total radiated amount, which can reach 1600 kilowatt hours. One set contains 25 pieces of modules, 10 kilowatt array at 30-degree tilt angle under row, head year accumulate power generation amount can reach 14500 degrees electricity. If suffer limit at roof top structure build, array's direction position angle towards east, south, or west south direction happen produce 15 degrees deviate shift, year transform total produce electricity amount decline reduce broad degree maintain keep at 1.5% to 2.3%'s section space inside.

Direction position angle deviate difference reach arrive 30 degrees time, year power generation amount lose lose 4.5%, phase match at every year reduce little 652 degrees electricity's produce out, according to every degree electricity 0.15 US dollars' electricity price calculate count, 25 years life span period inside will lose lose 2445 US dollars' potential receive benefit.

Summer arrives at noon, direct sun high degree angle reaches 73 degrees, direct south towards direction's panel surface at 13:00 time can maintain keep 950 watts/square meter's peak value radiate degree long reach 2.5 hours, single piece panel continuous output electric flow reach 10.8 amperes, direct flow mother thread electric pressure steady fix at 38 volts.

Profit use radiate measure map soft piece towards direct south direction position carry out three-dimensional model build calculate count, roof top can use area is 120 square meters time, adopt use full pave direct south towards direction's arrange distribute square case, its flat equal transform degree electricity cost (LCOE) drop to 0.045 US dollars/degree, compare arbitrary tilt slant deviate turn's square case possess provide more high's inside part receive benefit rate (IRR), pass normal maintain keep at 11.2% above.

Deviate east west

Take the sun energy cell board towards the direction of direct east 90 degrees or direct west 270 degrees install, compare pair direct south towards direction, complete body year equal power generation efficiency happen produce 15% to 20%'s drop down. The machine's capacity is 5 kilo watts, door use system, take 20 degrees' fix dead tilt angle towards west pave set, every month flat equal power generation amount of about 466 degrees electricity, and mutual same's match set at direct south direction can produce out 566 degrees electricity.

Towards east's panel array at morning early 9:30, reach arrive daily power output peak value, one day middle produce out's 22 degrees electricity inside has 85% concentrate at down noon 1:00 before complete finish transport deliver. Towards the west's array at noon 3:30 welcome come peak value, at 15:00 to 18:00's time step section inside output complete day 60% electric energy. At possess provide east west two sides slant roof top's build structure according to 50% towards 50%'s match ratio divide distribute 500 watts module, total absolute power generation amount drop low 12%, complete day power output curve thread pull long 3.5 hours, make day time high peak period electric net's blink state feed electricity pressure drop fall 14%, self produce self use rate from 35% lift high to 52%, drop low towards electric net buy 0.22 US dollars/degree high peak electricity's frequency times.

Flat put

At industry business build structure flat top on take 0 degree tilt angle water flat place put light volt panel, self nature drop rain's surface rush wash clear clean merit ability lose lose 80%'s effect power. Water flat place puts glass surface at drop rain after accumulate gather flat equal deep degree is 3 milli meters' dead water layer, water layer steam send after leave down's micro meter level powder dust particle make become penetrate light rate drop fall 18%, lead send 4.5%'s light thread fold shoot lose lose. With local ground latitude match set's most excellent 25 degrees tilt angle phase compare, 0 degree flat put shape state's system head year total power generation amount drop low 11.5%. Winter season sun high degree angle at north latitude 45 degrees area drop to 21.5 degrees' low valley, water flat array's light thread enter shoot angle reach arrive 68.5 degrees, panel surface's reverse shoot rate whirlwind rise to 35% above, lead cause 12 month and 1 month's single month power generation amount compare 7 month violent drop 42%.

Fill fix flat put bring come's tilt angle lose lose, every 100 kilo watts' water flat array need extra outside increase add 12 pieces 540 watts' module come fill foot capacity, lead cause every watt early start hard piece budget increase add 0.06 US dollars, request roof top every square meter's static state bear carry force increase add 15 kilo grams, in order to answer deal extra outside increase add's aluminum alloy branch frame and match weight cement lump.

Horizontal and vertical have a difference

Standard 72 pieces cell piece module inside part contain include 3 pieces mutual independent's beside road two extreme tubes, split separate control along long edge go towards's three cell strings. Adopt use vertical direction vertical row way install time, bottom part edge border out appear one strip wide degree is 10 millimeters' water flat shadow, shadow same time cut break three pieces inside part cell strings' electric flow pass road, lead cause that piece 450 watts panel's blink time output power violent drop 33% even exactly 100%.

Adopt horizontal direction arrange distribute, mutual same's 10 milli meters water flat bottom part shadow only will active active down direction edge border's one piece beside road two extreme tubes, cut break three divide move one's electric road, that panel still ran maintain keep 300 watts exactly is 66.6%'s normal power output.

Chase follows the sun run

Install one dimension flat single axis sun energy track trace branch frame, rely on light sensitive pass feel device and step step electric machine group become's pass move system, let panel every day from east towards west take every hour 15 degrees' angle speed rate chase follow sun orbit track. Towards 50 kilowatt's industry business divide distribute style project eye and speak, single axis track trace system will day equal equal effect full negative carry power generation time from 4.1 hours pull long to 4.9 hours, year accumulate electric amount increase broad at 15% to 25% exactly between.

Early start build setup stage section, flat single axis branch frame procure buy price grid is 0.18 US dollars/watt, compare fixed dead style branch frame 0.07 US dollars/watt's build price high out 157%. Double axis track trace system pass cross same time adjust water flat direction position angle and vertical bend look up angle, panel surface with sun light thread's enter shoot clip angle complete day weather control at positive negative 2 degrees inside, squeeze take 6% to 8%'s extreme limit extra outside power generation amount. Double axis system's machine tool move move part piece number amount is single axis's 3 times, system at number 10 year to number 25 year's life life cycle period middle, use at run smooth oil change exchange, axis bear rub wear repair restore and electric machine maintain protect's year transform run protect fee use up rise 40 US dollars/kilo watt, hard piece trouble barrier lead cause's year equal stop machine time from 2.4 hours increase add to 14.5 hours.

System Efficiency

More use, more old

P model PERC sun energy board number one year light induce decline reduce (LID) at 2% to 2.5% exactly between wave move, and N model TOPCon or different quality tie (HJT) electric pool piece take head year power decline reduce rate press low arrive did 1%'s threshold value inside. One piece standard call output power is 500 watts' N model double-face module, at continuous run row 8,760 hours after's number two year, its thread nature year transform decline reduce rate will steady fix at 0.4%.

Pass cross 25 years, total together 219,000 hours' wind blow sun shine, module surface's EVA glue film penetrate light rate drop fall 4.2%, back board water steam penetrate pass rate increase add to every day every square meter 1.5 grams. At standard test try condition (1000 watts/square meter, 25 degrees Celsius) under, number 25 years that panel still ran can output 446 watts' peak value power, maintain keep early start forehead fixed produce ability's 89.2%.

Place at mutual towards wet degree long period maintain keep at 85% above's along sea ground band, not adopt use double glass seal package's module happen produce electric potential induce decline reduce (PID)'s rate rate increase add 22%. Wet degree seep enter will lead cause local part cell piece's side by side connect electric block from 1000 ohms sharp reduce to 200 ohms, at number 12 year make become system complete body power generation efficiency extra outside slide slope 3.8%. Panel back face's connect thread box inside part use silicon glue pour seal work art, can take water prevent dust prevent level lift rise to IP68, take water steam enter attack lead cause's decline reduce square difference control at 0.15%'s extreme small leave scatter degree inside.

Exchange direct flow change body

The light volt board produces out 300 volts to 600 volts direct flow electricity, must pass through a reverse change device's cut bound grid double extreme style crystal tube (IGBT) high frequency switch adjust system, transform change for frequency is 60 Hertz, electric pressure is 240 volts' exchange flow electricity talent can merge into family use electric net. Market on main stream's group string style reverse change device add weight California energy committee (CEC) transform change efficiency mark fix for 97.5%. At negative carry rate, reach forehead fixed capacity's 60% to 80% section space time, setup match can touch reach 98.6% most high transform change efficiency.

Morning early or side evening's direct flow enter enter power only occupy reverse change device full negative carry's 10% time, inside part change pressure device and scatter hot wind fan's fix dead treat machine damage exhaust occupy ratio up rise, blink space transform change efficiency will break cliff style drop fall to 88%. In order to most big transform capital return rate, install business general pass adopt use 1.2 to 1.25's capacity match ratio.

Give one stand forehead fixed exchange flow output for 10 kilo watts' reverse change device match prepare 12.5 kilo watt capacity's sun energy board, at spring season direct noon radiate shine degree reach arrive 1050 watts/square meter's peak value time, exceed match's 2.5 kilo watt direct flow electricity will by reverse change device's limit broad merit ability shave peak abandon discard, lead send complete year middle about 1.5% to 2.2%'s shave peak energy flow lose.

Reverse change device inside part's most big power point track trace (MPPT) count method every second carry out 100 times electric pressure scan description, look for blink time power peak value. Meet local part many cloud bring double peak value power curve thread, single point scan description count method has 15% rate rate stop stay at low efficiency interval, make become direct flow extreme to exchange flow extreme 6% transform change deviate leave degree. Pass cross match set big capacity direct flow side electric hold pool, 5 milliseconds inside's electric net blink state electric pressure sudden change make become's system heavy start up frequency times from every month 4 times drop to every year not arrive 2 times.

Electric thread long run

Gather flow box to reverse change device between physical distance if long reach 50 meters, use cut face area is 4 square millimeters (about equal to 12 AWG)'s copper heart direct flow thread cable, at transport deliver 15 amperes' work electric flow time, single strip thread cable self body's ohm electric block will reach arrive 0.45 ohms. According to electric pressure drop fall public formula push calculate, 50 meters' transport deliver distance will at back road on eat drop 6.75 volts' direct flow electric pressure, produce out 101.25 watts' hot energy damage exhaust, occupy total transport deliver power's 2.25%.

Take complete section thread cable up level for cut face area 6 square millimeters (about equal to 10 AWG)'s standard rule, single roll 100 meters thread cable's procure buy budget increase add 35 US dollars, physical electric block big broad drop to 0.29 ohms. At mutual same's 15 amperes electric flow negative carry under, electric pressure drop by press shrink to 4.35 volts, hot damage exhaust power drop to 65.25 watts.

Take daily have effect daily shine 5 hours, complete life life cycle period 25 years calculate count, change exchange thick thread cable can pull return 1642 degrees electricity's transport deliver flow lose. According to the 0.18 US dollars/degree's standard electricity price core calculate, 35 US dollars' thread cable up level budget at number 3.2 years exactly can complete whole return receive cost. Exchange flow side from reverse change device to main match electricity plate's connect thread exist connect head loose move time, contact touch electric block every increase add 0.05 ohms, full carry 40 amperes output time's contact touch point temperature will whirlwind rise 45 degrees Celsius, make become 80 watts' continuous power steam send, and at connect thread extreme child place produce out clear display's electric arc carbon transform marks.

Mutual phase drag tired

Factory flow water thread up down thread's mutual same batch second 540 watts sun energy board, out factory front's flash light test try middle exist ±3%'s positive negative public difference. Take 20 pieces forehead fixed parameter complete whole mutual exact's panel string connect at one together, middle contain one piece real exact short road electric flow is 12.8 amperes' panel, its rest 19 pieces for 13.2 amperes. At the string connect electric road middle, water bucket effect answer force line complete whole back road's output electric flow towards down look even, 19 pieces high produce ability panel's electric flow complete by limit at 12.8 amperes.

0.4 ampere's micro small electric flow drop difference at 400 volts' work electric pressure under, every hour lean empty disappear 160 watts' output power, system complete body efficiency white white drop fall 3.1%. When beside the road, two extreme tubes for did jump exceed pass performance low down's panel and by active active time, its positive direction lead pass pressure drop reach arrive 0.7 volts, flow pass 10 amperes electric flow time self body will produce out 7 watts' hot amount scatter lose. At one 1000 volt's industry business use group string middle frequency numerous touch send beside road machine system, two extreme tube's knot temperature will climb rise to 115 degrees Celsius, long period's hot answer force cycle make that electric child original piece's lose effect rate rate every year gradual increase 0.02%.

Give every one piece panel bottom part add install one transform change efficiency for 99.5% direct flow power optimize transform device, pass cross inside part's drop pressure rise flow electric road, can enough solution open string connect back road middle each piece panel's electric flow bind fix relation. Optimize transform device's hard piece single price is 45 US dollars to 55 US dollars, make one set 8 kilo watt system's early start install total fee use increase add 18%. Hard piece enter involve take by build make public difference, different towards direction as well as micro small ash dust difference bring come's middle position number lose match damage exhaust from 5.5% strong line press shrink to 0.8% inside, project complete body's inside part receive benefit rate (IRR) up rise 1.2%.

System total account single

Amount transform one light volt electric station from sunlight to child to exchange flow output's complete chain road damage exhaust, need pass cross surface grid present every one ring knot's hundred divide ratio drop broad.

One stand 100 kilowatt's array experience pass above stated one series ring knot cut subtract, merge net extreme's real exact exchange flow blink time power middle position number fall at 82 kilo watts to 86 kilo watts interval. Towards complete damage exhaust chain strip carry out parameter return return analysis, thread cable electric block with module lose match two items' square difference most big, occupy occupy did run protect period can dry involve empty space's 75%. Throw in total budget 3%'s capital used at thread straight path up level with contact touch point resist oxygen transform maintain protect, can make system at 20 years inside's flat equal transform degree electricity cost (LCOE) drop fall 0.012 US dollars/degree.